|
Gefangenschaftskrankheiten beim Elefanten Captivity
Disorders in Elephants D.A. Fagan,
J.E.Oosterhuis, and A. Roocroft. |
|
 |
|
|
SUMMARY Molar malocclusion and traumatic injury of the tusk are both relatively common problems associated with the management of elephants exhibiting Gefangenschaftskrankheiten, or captivity disorder syndrome. These two problems have a history of difficult treatment options, notably: expensive, time-consuming, labor-intensive involvement. These factors become less resolvable with the passage of time, and have had a reputation of poor success. Recent advances in the clinical practice of Veterinary Dentistry have provided numerous well-documented solutions to many common dental problems, which only a few years ago frequently remained undiagnosed and untreated. The same can be said concerning molar malocclusion and tusk injury in the elephant. It is now possible to apply fairly straightforward, predictable clinical solutions to these two problems. Moreover, early diagnosis facilitates the application of both proven preventative measures as well as successful treatment alternatives. Timely diagnosis, preventative measures, and proven treatments have been discussed. Evidence now suggests that the timely application of this clinical knowledge can effectively reduce the negative impact of these two common dental problems upon the limited resources dedicated to the management of elephants in captivity. Zusammenfassung (with the Umlaute and á removed) Sowohl Malokklusion der Molarzaehne wie auch traumatische Verletzungen des Stosszahnes sind ziemlich haeufige Probleme, die in Gefangenschaft bei Elefanten oft behandelt werden muessen. Es wird haeufig gesagt, dass die Behandlung dieser Probleme schlechte Erfolge zeigt, dass sie ziemlichen Arbeitsaufwand benoetigt, dass die Behandlung teuer ist und einen zeitverschwendigen Aufwand beansprucht, der auf die Dauer immer weniger Erfolg zeigt. Die Fortschritte in der zahnaerztlichen Behandlung aber, die in den letzten Jahren zu verzeichnen sind haben viele neue Moeglichkeiten zur Behandlung ergeben, die es nun ermoeglichen, frueher als nicht behandelbar erklaerte Faelle zugaenglich zu machen. Dieses greift die Behandlung der Stosszahnverletzungen und molaren Malokkulsionen ein, die mit normalen, nun gebraeuchlichen Methoden behandelt werden koennen. Fruehdiagnose beguenstigt die Anwendung von Praeventivmassnahmen und erlaubt die Wahl von mit Erfolg beguenstigten therapeutischen Massnahmen. Ueber diese Probleme wird in dieser Arbeit berichtet und es wird herausgestellt, dass solche Eingriffe einen guten Einfluss auf die Dauer im Halten von Elefanten haben koennen. From: The Colyer Institute,(Director: Dr. D.A.Fagan ) [ Corresponding
author - Post Office Box 26118, San Diego, California, USA, 92196-0118,
Phone: (619) 566-9297; Fax: (619) 452-5512; e-mail: colyer@pacbell.net;
Web Site @ http://www.colyerinstitute.org ]; and From: The Zoological
Society of San Diego, California. (Principal Veterinarian - San Diego Wild
Animal Park: Dr.J.E.Oosterhuis, and Manager Elephant Programs-Zoo& WAP:
A.Roocroft) REFERENCES ALLEN, J. L., WELSCH, B., JACOBSON,E.R., TURNER,T.A., and TABELING,H. [1984b] Medical and Surgical Management of a Fractured Tusk in an African Elephant. J. Am.Vet. Med. Assoc. 185, 1447-1449. BLAND-SUTTON, Jr. [1910] The Diseases of Elephants' Tusks in Relation to Billiard Balls. Lancet, 2,1534-1537. BRIGGS, M., SCHMIDT, M., and BLACK, D., [1988] "Extraction of an Infected Tusk in an Adult African Elephant", J. Am.Vet. Med. Assoc., v.192 (May 15), p. 1455-6 BUSH, M., HEESE, D.W., GRAY, C.E., and JAMES, A.E.,Jr., [1976] Surgical Repair of Tusk Injury (pulpectomy) in an Adult, Male Forest Elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis). J. Am. Dental Assoc. 93 , 372-375. BUSCH, F. [1890] Ueber Verletzungen, Abscesse und Dentikel am Stosszahn des Elephanten. Dtsch. Mschr. Zahnheilk., 8 , 62-65. COLYER, Sir F. [1936] Variations and Diseases of the Teeth of Animals. John Bale, Sons and Danielsson, Ltd. London DRIVER, M. [1988] Extraction of an Infected Tusk in an Adult African Elephant. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 192(10) , 1455-1456. ELTRINGHAM, S. [1979] The Ecology and Conservation of Large African Mammals, University Park Press, Baltimore, Md. 192, May15, 1455-56. ESTES, R. [1991] The Behavior Guide to African Mammals, University of California Press, Berkeley. FAGAN, D.A., and OOSTERHUIS, J.E. [ 1998 ] A One Step Procedure to Repair a Class III Fracture (Exposed Pulpal Tissue) of any Continuously Growing Tooth or Tusk. Proceedings Am. Assoc. Zoo Vets. & Am. Assoc. Wildlife Vets. pg: 207 FAGAN, D.A., BENIRSCHKE, K., SIMON, J.H.S., and ROOCROFT, A. [1999] Elephant Dental Pulp Tissue: Where are the Nerves? J. Vet. Dent. 16(4); 169-172 FERREIRA, A, FIDEL, R., FIDEL, S. [2000] "Maxillary Lateral Incisor with Two Root Canals: Fusion, Gemination or Dens invaginatus?" Brazilian Dental Journal, 1l:2, 141-146. http://www.forp.usp.br/bdj/bdj11(2)/t10112/t10112.html HINTOM, A. Wild Animals of Africa, Neville Spearman, London, U.K., 1956. HOWARD, W. E., and SMITH, M. E. [1952] Rate of Extrusive Growth of Incisors of Pocket Gophers. Jour. Mamm., 33 ,485-487. HUMPHREYS, H. F. [1926] Particulars Relating to the Broken Tusk of Wild Indian Elephant. Brit. Dent. Jour., 47 ,1400-1401. KAPUSTIN, N., PROUDFOOT, J., and WILLIS, G. [1996] An Approach to Tusk Repair. J. Elephant Managers Assoc. 7(1) , 44-45.
KERTESZ, P [1990] The principles of Elephant Tusks and Their Extraction.
Proceedings of the Fourth Elephant Keepers Workshop, Port Lympne Zoo Park,
England, pgs: 18-20. LAWS, R.M., PARKER, I.S.C., and JOHNSTON, R.C.B. [ 1975 ] Elephants and their habitats. Clarendon Press, Oxford McGAVIN, M.D., WALKER, R.D., SCHROEDER, E.C., PATTON, C.S., and McCRAACKEN, M.D. [1983] Death of an African Elephant from probable Toxemia attributed to Chronic Pulpitis. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 183(11) , 1269-1273. MILES, A.E. [ 1972 ] Healed Injuries of Elephant Tusks. British Dent. J. 133 Nov, 395. MILLER, W. D. [1890-91] Studies on the Anatomy and Pathology of the Tusks of the Elephant. Dent. Cosmos, 32 , 337, 421, 505, 673, & 33, 169, 421. MITCHELL, W. D. [1903] Some Notes upon the Dentition of the Elephant and Injuries Thereto. Dent. Rev., London, 17 , 83-110. PERRY, J. S. [1954] Some Observations on Growth and Tusk Weight in Male and Female African Elephants. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 124(1) , 97-104. SHADLE, A. R. [1936] The Attrition and Extrusive Growth of the Four Major Incisor Teeth of Domestic Rabbits. Jour. Mamm., 17 , 15-21. SHADLE, A. R., PLOSS, W. R., and MARKUS, E. M. [1944] The Extrusive Growth and Attrition of Incisor Teeth of Erethizon dorsatum. Anat. Rec., 90 , 337-341. SHADLE, A. R., WAGNER, L. G., and JACOBS, T. [1936] The Extrusive Growth and Attrition of the Incisors of Albino and Hybrid Rattus norvegicus (Erxleben). Anat. Rec., 64 , 321-325. SHORT, J.C. [1981] Diet and Feeding Behavior of the Forest Elephant. Mammalia 45 , 177-185 SIKES, S. K. [1971] The Natural History of the African Elephant. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London. SOGNNAES, R. [1972]"Ivory Core of Elephant Tusks and Teeth" "Le Noyau d'Ivoire des Defenses d'elephants et des Dents", Information Dentaire, 15, April, 1407 1418. STANNUS, H. S. [1911] Diseases of Elephant's Tusks. Lancet, 1 , 617. STERNDALE, R. A. [1884] Natural History of the Mammalian of India and Ceylon. Thacker, Spink, and Co., Calcutta. STERNDALE, R. A. [1887] Seonee, or Camp Life on the Satpura Range. Thacker, Spink and Co., Calcutta and Simla. VAN der MERWE, N.[1995] "The Skull and Mandible of the African Elephant", Onderstepoort of Veterinary Research, 62, December , 245-60. WEATHERFORD, H. F. [1940] Some Observations on the Tusks of the Wild Indian Elephant. Brit. Dent. J. 47 , 1400-1407.
|
|
|
|
|
For translation information and instructions, please CLICK HERE. http://www.colyerinstitute.org
This web site is best viewed with a browser setting of 800 x 600 or greater. If you use a smaller screen size and would like to view the content of this site using an alternate interface, please click here.
|